Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. Active nipah virus encephalitis surveillance identified an encephalitis cluster and sporadic cases in faridpur, bangladesh, in january 2010. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and priority pathogen from the paramyxoviridae family with a high fatality rate. The etiologic agent, nipah virus genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus.
Nipah virus niv a paramyxovirus genus henipavirus first identified in 1999 in malaysia caused an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in pigs and encephalitis in people. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus and is related to hendra virus that infects horses niv is a zoonotic virus a disease that animals can transmit to humans, known as a zoonosis. The human outbreak in malaysia and singapore followed contact with infected swine and resulted in encephalitis with 40% case mortality. Rapid detection accelerates indias response to nipah. Nipah virus is a recently described zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes a highly fatal encephalitis in humans 1,2. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical. In malaysia, it caused tremendous human suffering and near total collapse of the billiondollar pigfarming industry. Classification of the causative agent resistance to. Nipah virus is an enveloped negativestrand rna paramyxovirus genus, henipavirus. It causes various diseases such as respiratory ailments and encephalitis and poses. Pathogenicity of nipah henipavirus bangladesh in a swine.
Nipah virus is an emerging infectious disease of public health importance. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and serious viral zoonotic disease that carries with it a high case fatality rate in the ballpark of 70% or more. The discovery of the novel nipah virus was a significant turning point in the control of. As per the world health organisation who, nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes a severe disease in both animals and humans. Nipah virus encephalitis is a severe, rapidly progressive disease caused by the nipah virus and was transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs. We performed a codon usage analysis, based on publicly available nucleotide sequences of niv and its host. The outbreak of nipah virus in malaysia in 1999 created history in the category of new emerging diseases. It can be transmitted from person to person and has killed between 40% and 75% of infected people.
The virus is named after the location where it was first detected in malaysia. The name of the virus and disease is from the village of sungai nipah in malaysia. Analysis of nipah virus codon usage and adaptation to hosts. Nipah virus infection is an emerging disease endemic in southeast asia. Nipah virus infection the center for food security and public health.
Nipah virus infection journal of clinical microbiology. A central team will visit kerala to take stock of the situation after three people died of nipah virus. A nipah virus infection is a viral infection caused by the nipah virus. Nipah virus induces two inclusion body populations. Etiology nipah virus niv is a singlestranded rna virus belonging to the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, which was discovered in malaysia in 19981999.
Nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpse. The virus is closely related to hendra virus see hendra virus infection, the only other member of the genus. Niv initially emerged in peninsular malaysia and singapore in 199899 associated with a large outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and encephalitis among pig farm and abattoir workers. Nipah virus niv and hendra hev virus are in the same family paramyxoviridae and genus henipavirus, and the clinical course of each disease is similar. On 17 may 2018, a 28yearold man presented to a private facility in kozhikode district, kerala state, india, with encephalitis. Review lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment. In malaysia, 265 encephalitis cases, primarily among pig farmers, and a 40% death rate were reported 35. For 1 casepatient, the only known exposure was hugging a deceased patient with a probable case, while another casepatients exposure involved preparing the same corpse for burial by removing. The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro. Prepared as background material by the johns hopkins center for health security for the clade x tabletop exercise nipah virus facts prepared by.
Nipah and hendra viruses are members of the henipavirus genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily of the paramyxoviridae family. Niv is a zoonotic virus a virus transmitted to humans from animals 3. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 1998 1999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs and people in malaysia. The virus was identified in 1999 after causing disease in animals and in humans. As of june 6, nipah virus had claimed 16 lives out of 18 laboratoryconfirmed cases in kerala, a case fatality rate of 88. Pigs infected with nipah virus will have rapid and difficult breathing pattern.
Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery. In pteropus bats, nipah virus has been found repeatedly in urine, and viral rna has been. In this activity, you will examine some of the data collected by epidemiologists studying a nipah virus outbreak. The nervous system may also be affected, so signs such as trembling, muscle spasms, lameness, and incoordination may be. Data from malaysia suggest that nipah virus has a high morbidity 71%, mortality rate 28%, and case fatality ratio 40%, though its ability to spread among humans is low r 0 file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Nipah manual food and agriculture organization of the united. You will perform the relevant calculations, make claims about whether the nipah outbreak in malaysia will become an epidemic, and determine the natural reservoir for nipah virus. Niv, a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is a zoonotic virus, which means it can transfer from animals to people. After exposure and an incubation period of 5 to 14 days,illness presents with 314 days of fever and headache, followed by drowsiness, disorientation and mental confusion. Virus nipah metadata this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. This virus is carried subclinically in fruit bats of the genus pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted.
Nipah rarely infects people, but when it does, it can make them very, very sick. Infection with nipah virus is associated with encephalitis inflammation of the brain. On monday morning, a 31yearold nurse at perambra taluk hospital succumbed due. Overview of nipah virus infection merck veterinary manual. Classification of the causative agent nipah virus is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus in the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. The first 2 recorded niv outbreaks reported in india, in 2001 and 2007, occurred in west bengal. Rescue of a nipah bangladesh henipavirus was performed using a modified psp72 promega vectorbased plasmid system developed at public health agency of canadas special pathogens unit 19. Union minister j p nadda directed the national centre for disease control ncdc chief to. This is a virus that when it gets into people, in bangladesh, it kills them on average threequarters of the. Illness with nipah virus begins with fever and headache followed by inflammation of the brain encephalitis, drowsiness. Nipah virus niv and the closely related hendra virus hev are members of the henipavirus genus in the family paramyxoviridae order mononegavirales. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus.
Niv was first identified during an outbreak in kampung sungai nipah, malaysia, in 1998. Nipah is a newly emerging deadly virus that can jump from bats to other species, including humans. It was first identified 20 years ago in malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of south and southeast asia. They may also have openmouthed breathing and a characteristic loud, harsh cough. Division of disease control what do i need to know.
The only previously reported outbreaks of nipah virus occurred in malaysia and singapore from september 1998 to may 1999. See the editor commentary by spiropoulou on pages 18557. Nipah virus niv is a potential threat to global health security. It causes severe neurological and respiratory disease which is highly lethal. There is no cure, and it kills about 75% of people it infects. During the nipah virus disease outbreak in 199899, 265 patients were infected with the virus. Answers will vary, but should include the following information. Epidemiology of nipah virus what do epidemiologists do. Outbreak investigation of nipah virus disease in kerala. Niv was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in malaysia and singapore. Latent infections with subsequent reactivation of nipah virus death have also been reported months and even years after exposure. Longterm sequelae following nipah virus infection have been noted, including persistent convulsions and personality changes.
Tom solomon, in mansons tropical infectious diseases twentythird edition, 2014. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis. Its zoonotic nature, as well as high rate of humantohuman transmission, has led researchers worldwide to work toward understanding the different aspects of the niv. Six more people succumbed to symptoms suspected to be that of nipah virus on sunday. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment,prevention the virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks. People of all ages are at risk for nipah virus in locations in asia where the virus is active in.
Phylogenetic analysis of nipah virus isolates from malaysia, bangladesh and cambodia suggested the. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. Students will make predictions, perform calculations, adapt to new information, and make recommendations to the centers for. Past outbreaks first recognized in 1999 during an outbreak among pig. Nipah virusinfected patients were more likely than communitybased controls to report drinking raw date palm sap and to have had physical contact with an encephalitis patient 29% vs. Nipah virus is a virus transmitted to humans by animals. Nipah and hendra are both emerging diseases, having been first described in the 1990s. The nipah virus outbreak in malaysia 19981999 and its subsequent spread to singapore caught both countries relatively unprepared. A recent outbreak of nipah virus niv in india has caused 17 deaths in people living in districts of kerala state.
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